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>> Jia-Rui: Hello everyone,

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and welcome to our
NASA InSight Telecon.

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Sorry for the delay.

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We just wanna make
sure all our materials

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are up and available
for you guys

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because this is gonna be a
multimedia presentation here.

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If you guys have
earphones and subwoofers,

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you gotta make sure
that you have 'em handy.

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So as you guys know,

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InSight landed on
Mars on November 26th

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to study its deep interior.

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And now we've got some folks

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who are really excited to share

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some additional
results with you.

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So I'm Jia-Rui Cook,
I'm the moderator,

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I'm from NASA's jet
propulsion laboratory,

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we manage InSight for
NASA headquarters.

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And we've got four great
speakers for you today.

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The first speaker
will be Lori Glaze.

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She's the Acting Director
of Planetary Science

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from NASA headquarters.

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So she's gonna go
first, and just a note

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that she's only gonna be with us

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until about 10:00 AM Pacific
time, or 1:00 PM Eastern.

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After Lori will
be Bruce Banerdt.

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He is the InSight
Principal Investigator.

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He's based here at NASA's
Jet Propulsion Laboratory.

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Then we have Tom Pike.

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He is the Short Period
Seismometer Lead

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from Imperial College in London.

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And then we also
have Don Banfield.

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He's the Auxiliary Payload
Sensor Subsystem Lead,

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from Cornell.

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And the APSS are the
environmental sensors on InSight

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just so that you guys know.

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You guys should also know that
there's a follow along page.

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It's
at
https://www.nasa.gov/insightmar.

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So as they call
out their graphics,

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if you are on the
follow along page

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you'll see what they're
sort of pointing out to.

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Pointing out.

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So I'm gonna turn
it over to Lori.

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>> Lori: Great,
thank you Jia-Rui.

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I'm really happy
to be here today.

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This is an exciting,
such an exciting mission

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and it's fun to be part of
this briefing here today.

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There's four rocky planets
in our solar system.

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Venus, Earth, Mercury, and Mars.

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And in trying to understand

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how planets form and
evolve over time,

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we need to understand each
one of those rocky planets

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to really get a better picture

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of how these types of
planets form and evolve.

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And the InSight mission
is a fantastic way

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to look at the inside of Mars.

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And what's really cool to me,

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we're all still on a high
from the landing last week,

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and we're all still
really excited about that.

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And here we are,

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less than two weeks
after landing,

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and we've already got
some amazing new science.

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It's cool, it's fun,
you're gonna enjoy

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listening to the sounds
that you're gonna hear,

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but the part I find fascinating

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is the science has
already been done,

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and what we've already learned

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from listening to and
looking at these data.

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So with that, I wanna
hand it over to the folks

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who can really tell you a
lot more about this mission,

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and about the stuff you're
gonna see and hear about today.

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I'm gonna hand it over
to Dr. Bruce Banerdt,

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who's Principal Investigator
for the InSight mission.

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>> Bruce: Thanks Jia-Rui.

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So, we've been on
Mars for 11 days now,

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or 11 sols, as we
call days on Mars.

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And we've been really busy.

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I've sort of pitched this

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as kind of a slow
motion mission,

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'cause we're here
for the long run.

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We have a two year
mission to acquire

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the seismic, thermal,
environmental, and tracking data

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that we're gonna use to study

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the deep, deep interior of Mars.

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And it's gonna take us a while

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to get our instruments
all set up on the ground,

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and ready to start
taking that data

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that's going to
allow us to probe

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deep down to the core of Mars.

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But meanwhile, this
first couple of weeks

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and couple of months, really,

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we're gonna be checking
out the instruments,

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getting them situated on the
surface and so forth, and so,

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we've started down that road.

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This first image
that I have up here

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is actually an image that
came down just yesterday.

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It's a raw image, so the colors

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are a little bit
muted in this image,

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but you can see the horizon,
see the rocks in the distance.

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See this fascinating
panorama of Mars, kind of,

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that's going to unfold in front
of us in the next few days

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as we start bringing
down more images.

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It also shows the solar panel,

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which actually plays
kind of a key role

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in what we're
talking about today.

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And Dr. Pike will talk a little
bit more about that later.

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If you look at the second
image we have up here,

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it actually shows our
instruments on the deck.

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And so the copper colored
object in the foreground,

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that's our seismometer,

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that's the instrument
that's measuring vibrations.

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And in this case,
we're measuring

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vibrations still on the deck,

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since we haven't been
taken off the deck.

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And that's very key, again,

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to what we're gonna be
talking about today.

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Right behind it is,
that white dome,

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is the wind and thermal shield,

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and eventually it's gonna
be taken off the spacecraft,

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put over the seismometer to
protect it from the wind.

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But underneath that dome,
that you can't see right now,

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is actually the inlet
for our pressure sensor.

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It allows the air on the
outside of the spacecraft

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to communicate down
to our pressure sensor

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that's situated nice and
snug down inside the lander

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where it's protected from
temperature variations.

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And we actually have
some interesting data.

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So we've been taking some
data, while we're on the deck.

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This is not data that's
gonna tell us much

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about the inside of Mars,

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but it's actually
data that first,

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allows us to make
sure our instruments
are working properly,

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and second, allows us
to kind of characterize

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the vibrational
environment of the lander.

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And we really weren't expecting
to get much more out of this

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but as we were looking
at the data and realizing

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the frequencies
that we're measuring

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and the frequencies that are
audible to the human ear,

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we realized that we
had an opportunity

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to get a very unique
data set out of this.

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And that's what we're
here to talk about today.

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And to explain to you
exactly what we have,

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we have Dr. Tom Pike here

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who's been in charge of getting
the short period sensors

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to Mars and in interpreting
their data once we get here.

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>> Tom: Okay, thanks
very much, Bruce.

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Yes, this is the
very first 15 minutes

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of data that have come from
the short period seismometer.

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So these, there
are three sensors

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in the short period seismometer.

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And these sensors
are part of the seis,

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the entire seismic package

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that we're going to be
putting down onto the ground.

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But these were turned
on for, first of all,

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to make sure that we had
arrived to Mars in one piece.

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And, I think, let's first
of all start off with,

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if you could get the plugin
to the follow along site,

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and listen for at
least a few seconds

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to this first clip of
20 seconds of sound,

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in the base pan.

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So this has not been
modified in any way,

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this is the raw data
that you are hearing

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through your headphones.

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So go ahead and listen now.

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[very low rumbling]

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Okay, so at the risk
of that being dead air,

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that should have been, you
should have been able to hear

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a low rumble as the winds are
coming over the solar panels.

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As they move over
the solar panels,

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they cause vibrations of
the entire spacecraft.

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And it's those vibrations

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that the short period
sensors are able to pick up.

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In fact we can think of
it rather in the same way

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as the human ear, how
we in fact listen.

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The air pressure comes
in, it hits the ear drum,

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that thing goes through the
inner ear to the cochlea,

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where the vibrations
of the eardrum

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are amplified and then
detected electronically.

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That data then
goes to the brain.

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And if we look at it this way,

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we can see that the solar
panels are like the ear drum,

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the spacecraft's structure
is like the inner ear.

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The hammer, the
anvil, the stirrup,

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that then goes to the cochlea,

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which is the short
period seismometer.

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And then the ebox, the
electronics box of size,

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converts those to the data

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that we then send back to Earth.

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And what we are
then able to hear,

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as we just take that data

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and play it back
through your earphones,

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is the vibrations that
the wind are causing

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to the spacecraft,
as the solar panels

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are moved by the wind.

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Now that's pretty
difficult to hear,

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because we're only going up to

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a little less than
50 Hz in frequency,

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which is right at the
bottom of human hearing.

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So we've taken this file,

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and if you go to the
next video in the set,

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you'll be able to play that,

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multiply it up by, actually,

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shift it up by a
couple of octaves,

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so it's the same sound file.

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But this is just played to
make it a little more audible.

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So, we're gonna
listen to that now,

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and give you a few
seconds to listen to that.

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[low rumbling]

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Okay, so I hope you
can hear that better.

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Now, if we actually
look at that sound,

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and the way we are
looking at this sound

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in the next picture below,

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is in a spectrogram, and the
way we produce that sound,

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it is a stereo sound
from two of the sensors,

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the short period sensors.

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And in this image, you
can see the spectrum,

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the frequency content
of that sound,

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over the entire 1000 seconds,

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or a little less than
20 minutes, of this
initial recording.

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And you can read it like music.

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At the bottom end of the range,

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the lowest frequencies are
at the bottom of the image,

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the highest
frequencies at the top.

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And you can see that the
loud parts of the sounds

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are colored red, the
quiet parts blue.

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So you can see we're
losing response

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right up at the
high frequency end.

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But below that, and
what you're hearing,

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are the resonances,
the distinct vibrations

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which we think
are the spacecraft

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both picking up the wind
through the solar panels

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and also interacting
with the regolith,

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the soil of mars below it.

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Now what you see
as you move across

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is that it's quite steady tones

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as the spacecraft is
responding to the wind

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coming in and exciting
the structure.

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So it's a little like a
flag waving in the wind.

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You've got both the
interactions of the wind

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on the flag, you've
got the flagpole,

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the vibrations that
can be picked up there,

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and then the very
sensitive sensors

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that we have at the other end,
picking up these vibrations.

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And these are very
very small vibrations.

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You will not see, in
the images, any blur.

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All of the images that
we've been taking down,

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the issue that we
have is making sure

247
00:11:35,961 --> 00:11:37,863
that there's not
dust in the image.

248
00:11:37,863 --> 00:11:42,100
But the images themselves
are pinpoint clear,

249
00:11:42,100 --> 00:11:44,602
as far as vibrations
are concerned.

250
00:11:44,602 --> 00:11:46,372
So if we go to the next image,

251
00:11:47,706 --> 00:11:50,643
you can see that the vibrations
that we're picking up,

252
00:11:51,944 --> 00:11:55,880
so this is an overlay
of the direction

253
00:11:55,880 --> 00:11:57,516
of the vibrations of the land.

254
00:11:57,516 --> 00:11:59,318
And they're colored for
the different frequencies

255
00:11:59,318 --> 00:12:00,386
that we're picking up.

256
00:12:01,853 --> 00:12:03,922
And that's overlaid
over our landing site

257
00:12:03,922 --> 00:12:05,891
where we think we've put down.

258
00:12:05,891 --> 00:12:09,494
And in the background,
you can see that there are

259
00:12:09,494 --> 00:12:12,264
these linear streaks, all
the way across the image,

260
00:12:12,264 --> 00:12:16,167
running from the northwest
to the southeast.

261
00:12:16,167 --> 00:12:19,371
And these are due
to the dust devils

262
00:12:19,371 --> 00:12:22,807
moving across this
particular area of Mars.

263
00:12:22,807 --> 00:12:25,944
We've got, we know that
at this time of year,

264
00:12:25,944 --> 00:12:28,247
it's fairly active from
a wind point of view,

265
00:12:28,247 --> 00:12:31,917
and we know that the wind,
or rather, we suspect,

266
00:12:31,917 --> 00:12:34,286
and the dust devils
have indicated this,

267
00:12:34,286 --> 00:12:37,789
that the wind is blowing
generally pretty steadily.

268
00:12:37,789 --> 00:12:40,358
And the dust devil
tracks show this.

269
00:12:40,358 --> 00:12:42,894
So when you overlay the
vibrations we're picking up

270
00:12:42,894 --> 00:12:46,798
from the lander, you can see
that they are lined very well

271
00:12:46,798 --> 00:12:49,567
with the direction of the wind.

272
00:12:49,567 --> 00:12:52,805
So in some ways, the seismometer

273
00:12:52,805 --> 00:12:54,740
is acting a little
like a weather vane.

274
00:12:54,740 --> 00:12:58,510
It's telling us the direction
that the wind is coming from.

275
00:12:58,510 --> 00:13:00,412
Now to be able to do
this, we have to have

276
00:13:00,412 --> 00:13:04,049
a very sensitive sensor
at the other end.

277
00:13:04,049 --> 00:13:07,152
So if you go the next
image, you can see

278
00:13:07,152 --> 00:13:09,321
the sensor that we made,

279
00:13:09,321 --> 00:13:12,157
in fact, we made three of
these sensors at Imperial.

280
00:13:12,157 --> 00:13:14,627
This is a spare sensor here.

281
00:13:15,928 --> 00:13:18,196
And this compared,
it's just a little less

282
00:13:18,196 --> 00:13:20,065
than an inch in size.

283
00:13:21,266 --> 00:13:25,437
About the same size
as a two Euro coin.

284
00:13:27,106 --> 00:13:29,542
And it's carved out of a
single piece of silicon.

285
00:13:30,409 --> 00:13:32,678
And as the silicon vibrates,

286
00:13:32,678 --> 00:13:37,683
we pick up that vibration
with the sensor electronics.

287
00:13:39,317 --> 00:13:41,954
The sensor electronics are
made at Oxford University,

288
00:13:41,954 --> 00:13:44,757
and then that
signal is passed to

289
00:13:46,091 --> 00:13:50,629
a bunch of control and
signal processing electronics

290
00:13:51,664 --> 00:13:52,864
from ETH Zurich.

291
00:13:52,864 --> 00:13:54,567
And then that is
taken back to Earth.

292
00:13:54,567 --> 00:13:57,402
But this is the front
end, the sensor front end.

293
00:13:57,402 --> 00:13:59,205
As I said, there's
three of those.

294
00:14:00,372 --> 00:14:02,407
They are there
to, at the moment,

295
00:14:02,407 --> 00:14:04,910
to really check out
the environment.

296
00:14:04,910 --> 00:14:07,780
We're not expecting
this part of the mission

297
00:14:08,847 --> 00:14:11,616
to be the main
seismic part, because

298
00:14:11,616 --> 00:14:15,054
what we need to do to get
the good seismic signals,

299
00:14:15,054 --> 00:14:18,390
is to get really down
onto the surface of Mars.

300
00:14:18,390 --> 00:14:21,360
But before we do that,
we need to understand

301
00:14:21,360 --> 00:14:24,963
how the lander is going to
pick up the environment,

302
00:14:24,963 --> 00:14:26,532
and particularly from the wind.

303
00:14:28,000 --> 00:14:32,270
And then itself transfer the
signals to our seismometer.

304
00:14:32,270 --> 00:14:34,039
And the better we
understand that,

305
00:14:34,039 --> 00:14:36,342
the better we can
subtract those effects,

306
00:14:37,443 --> 00:14:38,443
so that instead of
hearing what's going on

307
00:14:38,443 --> 00:14:40,279
on top of the surface of Mars,

308
00:14:40,279 --> 00:14:44,149
we're listening to what
is going deep underneath.

309
00:14:44,149 --> 00:14:48,553
So I think this is, if
we go to the next image,

310
00:14:48,553 --> 00:14:53,258
this is where I'll hand over
to Don Banfield, from Cornell,

311
00:14:53,258 --> 00:14:56,561
who's going to talk about
another way that we've been

312
00:14:56,561 --> 00:15:01,567
detecting the motion of the
wind on the InSight lander.

313
00:15:02,301 --> 00:15:03,569
>> Don: Thanks, Tom.

314
00:15:03,569 --> 00:15:05,303
So, you've just
heard the vibrations,

315
00:15:05,303 --> 00:15:08,506
the wind caused on
the spacecraft itself.

316
00:15:08,506 --> 00:15:09,708
But InSight has a way to also

317
00:15:09,708 --> 00:15:12,010
directly record
the air vibrations.

318
00:15:12,010 --> 00:15:14,146
That is the sound you would
hear if you were sitting

319
00:15:14,146 --> 00:15:16,314
on the InSight's deck.

320
00:15:16,314 --> 00:15:19,684
This first graphic is a good
one to reference right now.

321
00:15:19,684 --> 00:15:21,486
So InSight carries
a pressure sensor,

322
00:15:21,486 --> 00:15:24,356
and it's used to remove
the atmospheric effects

323
00:15:24,356 --> 00:15:26,558
that can reduce the
seismometer's sensitivity

324
00:15:26,558 --> 00:15:28,126
to detect Marsquakes.

325
00:15:28,126 --> 00:15:30,929
But in addition to its
service to do that,

326
00:15:30,929 --> 00:15:33,398
to improve InSight's
seismology mission,

327
00:15:33,398 --> 00:15:34,866
we can also use
the pressure sensor

328
00:15:34,866 --> 00:15:36,568
to study the atmosphere itself.

329
00:15:38,070 --> 00:15:40,339
We expect to capture
the pressure signature
of the weather

330
00:15:40,339 --> 00:15:41,573
near the lander.

331
00:15:41,573 --> 00:15:43,775
Including things,
exciting things like

332
00:15:43,775 --> 00:15:45,577
the nearby passage
of dust devils.

333
00:15:47,012 --> 00:15:49,548
But with the pressure sensor
we can also capture sounds

334
00:15:49,548 --> 00:15:51,449
from natural sources.

335
00:15:51,449 --> 00:15:53,751
One of the things we
hope to maybe capture

336
00:15:53,751 --> 00:15:55,320
over the duration of the mission

337
00:15:55,320 --> 00:15:58,456
is things like meteors
exploding in the atmosphere.

338
00:15:58,456 --> 00:16:01,426
So right now, as
Bruce said earlier,

339
00:16:01,426 --> 00:16:02,594
the pressure sensor
inlet sits underneath

340
00:16:02,594 --> 00:16:04,095
the wind and thermal shield,

341
00:16:04,095 --> 00:16:05,897
so the white dome
that you see there

342
00:16:05,897 --> 00:16:08,633
with the ghostly blue outline,

343
00:16:08,633 --> 00:16:10,335
the white dome is the
wind and thermal shield,

344
00:16:10,335 --> 00:16:13,939
the ghostly blue outline is
the pressure sensor's inlet

345
00:16:13,939 --> 00:16:16,274
that sits underneath it.

346
00:16:16,274 --> 00:16:17,910
If you go to the next graphic.

347
00:16:21,045 --> 00:16:23,248
In the audio clip that
we've got right now,

348
00:16:23,248 --> 00:16:26,017
we're hearing sounds mostly
produced by the wind blowing

349
00:16:26,017 --> 00:16:28,987
over the lander, and through
the wind and thermal shield,

350
00:16:28,987 --> 00:16:31,089
and then entering the
pressure sensor inlet.

351
00:16:31,089 --> 00:16:33,492
In a few weeks, once we'll take
the wind and thermal shield

352
00:16:33,492 --> 00:16:35,627
off where it sits
over that inlet,

353
00:16:35,627 --> 00:16:38,030
and put it on top
of the seismometer,

354
00:16:38,030 --> 00:16:40,733
the pressure sensor inlet
will be completely uncovered

355
00:16:42,101 --> 00:16:44,937
and work better to hear
environmental sounds clearly.

356
00:16:46,738 --> 00:16:50,642
So, Mars has a thin
CO2 atmosphere, and
it attenuates sound

357
00:16:50,642 --> 00:16:53,078
much more than Earth's
atmosphere does,

358
00:16:53,078 --> 00:16:55,781
especially in the
audio range and above.

359
00:16:55,781 --> 00:16:57,749
So if we were having this
conversation on Mars,

360
00:16:57,749 --> 00:16:59,251
and if we could breathe there,

361
00:17:00,118 --> 00:17:02,387
I would sound very muffled.

362
00:17:02,387 --> 00:17:03,588
It would probably be
difficult to understand me

363
00:17:03,588 --> 00:17:05,024
if you weren't sitting
right next to me.

364
00:17:06,191 --> 00:17:07,926
However, on Mars,
low frequency sound,

365
00:17:07,926 --> 00:17:10,962
those that are below
which humans can hear,

366
00:17:10,962 --> 00:17:13,198
but perhaps elephants
and whales can hear,

367
00:17:14,599 --> 00:17:16,902
those propagate on Mars
nearly as well as on Earth.

368
00:17:18,069 --> 00:17:21,072
So the pressure sensor
actually can only record

369
00:17:21,072 --> 00:17:24,142
these low frequency sounds,
which are called infrasound.

370
00:17:24,142 --> 00:17:26,044
So to make that something

371
00:17:26,044 --> 00:17:28,013
that's interesting
to humans to hear,

372
00:17:28,013 --> 00:17:30,782
we've shifted the infrasound

373
00:17:30,782 --> 00:17:33,051
from the pressure
sensor recording

374
00:17:33,051 --> 00:17:36,021
and that's recording
the turbulent wind noise

375
00:17:36,021 --> 00:17:37,522
blowing over the rover.

376
00:17:37,522 --> 00:17:39,524
We've shifted that up into
the human audible range

377
00:17:39,524 --> 00:17:42,894
by speeding the clip
up by a factor of 100,

378
00:17:42,894 --> 00:17:46,598
which shifts the frequencies
up by that same factor of 100,

379
00:17:46,598 --> 00:17:48,400
which is about six octaves.

380
00:17:49,834 --> 00:17:52,270
Now maybe it's probably a good
time to play this last clip

381
00:17:52,270 --> 00:17:54,073
from the pressure sensor wind.

382
00:17:55,541 --> 00:17:58,143
[wind blowing]

383
00:18:02,881 --> 00:18:03,715
So...

384
00:18:04,882 --> 00:18:07,052
Part of the reason that
planetary exploration

385
00:18:07,052 --> 00:18:08,687
is so exciting,

386
00:18:08,687 --> 00:18:12,056
is that it gives us virtual
telepresence on another planet.

387
00:18:12,056 --> 00:18:14,826
And usually we do
that with images.

388
00:18:14,826 --> 00:18:17,595
And we've got a lot of nice
images from InSight already.

389
00:18:17,595 --> 00:18:19,764
But now we also have sound.

390
00:18:19,764 --> 00:18:22,400
So humans are
multisensory people.

391
00:18:22,400 --> 00:18:25,203
And now we have
two of our sensors

392
00:18:25,203 --> 00:18:26,605
turned on with this mission.

393
00:18:28,039 --> 00:18:31,109
Personally, listening to the
sound from the pressure sensor

394
00:18:31,109 --> 00:18:34,780
reminds me of sitting outside
on a windy summer afternoon,

395
00:18:34,780 --> 00:18:37,415
listening to the turbulent
gusts come and go,

396
00:18:37,415 --> 00:18:39,884
and whistle through your ears.

397
00:18:39,884 --> 00:18:41,653
In some sense, this is
what it would sound like

398
00:18:41,653 --> 00:18:44,089
if you were sitting on the
InSight lander on Mars.

399
00:18:46,158 --> 00:18:48,260
>> Jia-Rui: Great,
okay, thank you Don.

400
00:18:48,260 --> 00:18:51,362
Okay, so we're gonna turn
to Q&A at this point.

401
00:18:51,362 --> 00:18:53,398
So as a reminder to reporters,

402
00:18:53,398 --> 00:18:56,234
if you have a question,
press star one.

403
00:18:56,234 --> 00:18:57,870
And we'll get you
into the queue.

404
00:18:59,271 --> 00:19:01,472
So, what Don just said I think
was kind of a good lead in

405
00:19:01,472 --> 00:19:03,375
that I was gonna ask
the rest of you guys.

406
00:19:03,375 --> 00:19:05,577
I mean if you had
to make an analogy,

407
00:19:05,577 --> 00:19:06,745
[laughs]

408
00:19:06,745 --> 00:19:08,213
for what these
sounds sounded like,

409
00:19:09,180 --> 00:19:11,182
how would you describe them?

410
00:19:11,182 --> 00:19:12,417
And then make sure you
guys say your names,

411
00:19:12,417 --> 00:19:13,985
'cause we've got
a couple of people

412
00:19:13,985 --> 00:19:15,987
who probably sound alike
to the people on the phone.

413
00:19:15,987 --> 00:19:17,755
>> Bruce: Well I mean to me,

414
00:19:17,755 --> 00:19:21,526
the sounds are really unworldly,

415
00:19:21,526 --> 00:19:25,897
I mean, they do sound
like the wind, or maybe,

416
00:19:25,897 --> 00:19:28,300
the ocean kind of roaring
in the background,

417
00:19:28,300 --> 00:19:32,470
but it also has kind of
an unworldly feel to it.

418
00:19:32,470 --> 00:19:36,140
And you know, when I sit at
my computer and play the sound

419
00:19:36,140 --> 00:19:38,810
through my headphones
and look at the images,

420
00:19:38,810 --> 00:19:41,379
I can really imagine
being on a planet

421
00:19:41,379 --> 00:19:43,214
that's in some ways
like the Earth,

422
00:19:43,214 --> 00:19:45,116
but in some ways really alien

423
00:19:45,116 --> 00:19:47,386
and I think that's really cool.

424
00:19:48,286 --> 00:19:49,220
>> Jia-Rui: That was Bruce.

425
00:19:49,220 --> 00:19:51,623
>> Tom: Yep, and Tom speaking.

426
00:19:51,623 --> 00:19:52,824
It's...

427
00:19:52,824 --> 00:19:54,826
When you look at
the images of Mars,

428
00:19:54,826 --> 00:19:58,229
in some ways it looks like
Earth, but a lot redder,

429
00:19:58,229 --> 00:20:00,298
and no vegetation.

430
00:20:00,298 --> 00:20:03,468
But you can imagine
you're in a sand pit

431
00:20:03,468 --> 00:20:05,637
or a slightly rocky area.

432
00:20:05,637 --> 00:20:09,740
But the sound is a rather
different dimension.

433
00:20:09,740 --> 00:20:12,544
Because it's got quite
a different atmosphere,

434
00:20:12,544 --> 00:20:14,679
just 1% of the Earth's,

435
00:20:14,679 --> 00:20:18,182
quite strong winds, but
because of the low density,

436
00:20:18,182 --> 00:20:19,951
they have a different effect.

437
00:20:19,951 --> 00:20:24,055
Our ear is just not
attuned to recognizing

438
00:20:24,055 --> 00:20:25,189
what we are listening to.

439
00:20:25,189 --> 00:20:27,358
It really sounds otherworldly,

440
00:20:27,358 --> 00:20:29,360
and that's exactly what it is.

441
00:20:29,360 --> 00:20:33,097
And the fact that
we're listening to
very low frequencies,

442
00:20:33,097 --> 00:20:35,567
it's a really distant rumble

443
00:20:35,567 --> 00:20:38,503
that we appear to
be hearing here.

444
00:20:38,503 --> 00:20:41,406
It's just rather
different to anything

445
00:20:41,406 --> 00:20:44,408
that we experience
on Earth, and I think

446
00:20:44,408 --> 00:20:47,278
it just give another
way of thinking about

447
00:20:47,278 --> 00:20:49,848
how far away we are
getting these signals.

448
00:20:51,082 --> 00:20:51,916
>> Jia-Rui: Again if
you have a question,

449
00:20:51,916 --> 00:20:53,184
please press star one

450
00:20:53,184 --> 00:20:54,853
and please record your
name when prompted.

451
00:20:55,920 --> 00:20:58,322
>> Don: So, and this is Don.

452
00:20:58,322 --> 00:21:00,491
I guess what I said in my piece

453
00:21:00,491 --> 00:21:02,260
was pretty much what I think.

454
00:21:02,260 --> 00:21:06,331
I really imagine myself sitting
there on the InSight lander,

455
00:21:06,331 --> 00:21:07,799
and trying to look around,

456
00:21:07,799 --> 00:21:10,235
and see the desert
environment that we landed in.

457
00:21:11,570 --> 00:21:12,503
And recognize that
there's pretty strong wind

458
00:21:12,503 --> 00:21:13,705
blowing over my right shoulder,

459
00:21:15,106 --> 00:21:17,809
and this is what it sounds
like as it blows past my head.

460
00:21:17,809 --> 00:21:21,045
And it's just, to me it's fun
to imagine that I'm there.

461
00:21:21,045 --> 00:21:24,415
And part of the reason that
I do planetary science.

462
00:21:24,415 --> 00:21:26,250
>> Tom: A real telly presence.

463
00:21:26,250 --> 00:21:27,419
>> Don: Exactly. That's what's,

464
00:21:27,419 --> 00:21:29,020
>> Tom: It's as
close as being there,

465
00:21:29,020 --> 00:21:30,588
apart from being there.

466
00:21:30,588 --> 00:21:32,056
>> Don: That's why we do this.

467
00:21:32,056 --> 00:21:33,558
>> Tom: Some day we'll
bring back smells, too,

468
00:21:33,558 --> 00:21:37,162
but until then, it's
the best we can do.

469
00:21:37,162 --> 00:21:38,230
A little later.

470
00:21:38,230 --> 00:21:39,864
Sample return.

471
00:21:39,864 --> 00:21:42,467
>> Jia-Rui: Okay, we've got
a question on the phone line,

472
00:21:42,467 --> 00:21:44,936
so Ken Chang from
the New York Times,

473
00:21:44,936 --> 00:21:45,737
please go ahead.

474
00:21:53,011 --> 00:21:55,447
Oh, I think we
might have lost him.

475
00:21:55,447 --> 00:22:00,218
Okay, can we bring up Megan
Bartel from space.com?

476
00:22:01,453 --> 00:22:02,687
>> Megan: Sure.

477
00:22:02,687 --> 00:22:05,423
Can you talk a little
bit about how you expect

478
00:22:05,423 --> 00:22:07,492
the data you're getting
from these instruments

479
00:22:07,492 --> 00:22:09,728
to change over the
course of the mission?

480
00:22:12,063 --> 00:22:14,666
>> Bruce: Well certainly, right
now when we're on the deck,

481
00:22:14,666 --> 00:22:18,403
we're measuring the
effects of the environment,

482
00:22:18,403 --> 00:22:22,140
and we're getting very little
input from the ground itself,

483
00:22:23,908 --> 00:22:25,676
for the seismometer at least.

484
00:22:25,676 --> 00:22:27,912
So, our real goal, of course,

485
00:22:27,912 --> 00:22:30,114
is to deploy the
seismometer onto the ground,

486
00:22:30,114 --> 00:22:32,150
get it covered, try
to isolate it as much

487
00:22:32,150 --> 00:22:35,987
from the effects that
we're measuring right now,

488
00:22:35,987 --> 00:22:40,992
and try to just isolate down
to the very small vibrations

489
00:22:42,427 --> 00:22:44,996
that are coming through the
ground from seismic waves,

490
00:22:44,996 --> 00:22:48,766
from Marsquakes thousands
of kilometers away.

491
00:22:48,766 --> 00:22:52,070
But meanwhile, we need to
understand the environment

492
00:22:52,070 --> 00:22:56,141
that these instruments
are operating in, and so,

493
00:22:56,141 --> 00:22:58,376
I think that these
first few weeks,

494
00:22:58,376 --> 00:23:01,479
we're really kind of
concentrating on measurements

495
00:23:01,479 --> 00:23:04,049
that are gonna tell us about
the environment of Mars.

496
00:23:05,483 --> 00:23:07,652
Once we get that dome off
of the pressure sensor,

497
00:23:07,652 --> 00:23:10,255
it's really gonna
increase its sensitivity

498
00:23:10,255 --> 00:23:13,858
to variations in the
barometric pressure on Mars,

499
00:23:13,858 --> 00:23:15,493
which helps us with
the seismometer,

500
00:23:15,493 --> 00:23:17,128
but also as Don says,

501
00:23:17,128 --> 00:23:20,131
this is gonna be the
best weather station

502
00:23:20,131 --> 00:23:23,668
that's ever been placed
on the Martian surface.

503
00:23:23,668 --> 00:23:27,738
And we're gonna be getting
wind, barometric pressure,

504
00:23:27,738 --> 00:23:32,077
air temperature, 24.7
hours a day, every day,

505
00:23:32,077 --> 00:23:35,980
for the next two
years on Mars, and so,

506
00:23:35,980 --> 00:23:39,417
as we get the various
instruments calibrated,

507
00:23:39,417 --> 00:23:41,686
and ready to operate,

508
00:23:41,686 --> 00:23:44,255
we're gonna start getting
more and more precise data

509
00:23:44,255 --> 00:23:46,357
about what's going on on Mars.

510
00:23:46,357 --> 00:23:48,560
>> Tom: I'd like to say,
this is Tom speaking.

511
00:23:48,560 --> 00:23:52,264
I'd say very specifically,
we are gonna be turning on,

512
00:23:53,231 --> 00:23:55,599
later in the Martian day.

513
00:23:55,599 --> 00:24:00,438
So this was taken around
5 PM, local Mars time.

514
00:24:00,438 --> 00:24:03,675
We're gonna be turning on
later into the evening,

515
00:24:03,675 --> 00:24:06,511
when we think the wind is
going to be dying down.

516
00:24:07,846 --> 00:24:10,382
And we'll hear definitely,
we hope, at least,

517
00:24:10,382 --> 00:24:13,151
that the modes of the
lander, the lander itself

518
00:24:13,151 --> 00:24:15,520
will be talking less to us,

519
00:24:15,520 --> 00:24:17,622
and we'll be hearing
a little bit more

520
00:24:17,622 --> 00:24:19,590
from what's happening
from underneath.

521
00:24:19,590 --> 00:24:22,893
But at the moment, there
could be a Marsquake

522
00:24:22,893 --> 00:24:24,696
happening on the other
side of the planet,

523
00:24:24,696 --> 00:24:29,134
and we would not hear it
above the chatter of the wind.

524
00:24:30,602 --> 00:24:34,873
So we really want to be able
to have, to be able to hear

525
00:24:34,873 --> 00:24:38,677
the inside of Mars
above that chatter.

526
00:24:38,677 --> 00:24:41,412
And certainly we would
like the wind to be lower,

527
00:24:41,412 --> 00:24:43,347
but we would also
like to be able

528
00:24:43,347 --> 00:24:46,084
to take the effect
of the wind away.

529
00:24:46,084 --> 00:24:49,687
And then once we're on the
ground, we really think

530
00:24:49,687 --> 00:24:51,222
that those lander nodes,

531
00:24:51,222 --> 00:24:53,090
what's causing most
of the vibration

532
00:24:53,090 --> 00:24:56,560
that we're picking up at the
moment, those should diminish.

533
00:24:56,560 --> 00:25:00,866
In fact, a really big part of
what the team is working on

534
00:25:00,866 --> 00:25:04,202
at the moment is selecting
just the right place,

535
00:25:04,202 --> 00:25:05,870
away from the lander,

536
00:25:05,870 --> 00:25:09,574
to make sure that we minimize
the amount that the lander

537
00:25:09,574 --> 00:25:13,711
is going to be injecting
into the size instrument.

538
00:25:13,711 --> 00:25:16,548
And so, what you're hearing now,

539
00:25:16,548 --> 00:25:17,882
should get a lot quieter.

540
00:25:17,882 --> 00:25:20,018
I know it's quite
difficult to hear now,

541
00:25:20,018 --> 00:25:22,387
but it's going to
become, we hope at least,

542
00:25:22,387 --> 00:25:26,257
very difficult to hear the
sounds from the outside of Mars

543
00:25:26,257 --> 00:25:27,926
later on.

544
00:25:27,926 --> 00:25:30,161
And once we get to
seismic frequencies,

545
00:25:30,161 --> 00:25:33,398
those are going to be below
what we can hear audibly.

546
00:25:36,167 --> 00:25:38,403
>> Don: Yeah, so this is Don.

547
00:25:38,403 --> 00:25:40,905
I guess I would just extend a
little bit on what Bruce said.

548
00:25:40,905 --> 00:25:44,242
When the pressure sensor,
when its cover is uncovered

549
00:25:44,242 --> 00:25:45,911
from the wind and
thermal shield,

550
00:25:47,111 --> 00:25:49,813
the inlet is actually
a pretty strange shape

551
00:25:49,813 --> 00:25:51,849
and that's specifically designed

552
00:25:51,849 --> 00:25:54,286
to reduce wind noise
on the pressure sensor.

553
00:25:55,387 --> 00:25:56,855
So most of what we're
probably hearing

554
00:25:56,855 --> 00:25:58,757
in the audio clip from
the pressure sensor today,

555
00:25:58,757 --> 00:26:01,059
is wind noise,
but in the future,

556
00:26:01,059 --> 00:26:04,563
when the inlet is exposed
to the atmosphere,

557
00:26:04,563 --> 00:26:06,631
hopefully we're not
hearing as much wind noise,

558
00:26:06,631 --> 00:26:09,600
and we should be hearing more
environmental noise, like,

559
00:26:09,600 --> 00:26:12,937
like I said, bolide explosions

560
00:26:12,937 --> 00:26:16,508
or buoyancy oscillations
at night time.

561
00:26:16,508 --> 00:26:18,476
All sorts of interesting
infrasound sources

562
00:26:18,476 --> 00:26:19,678
that could be coming in.

563
00:26:21,145 --> 00:26:22,646
>> Jia-Rui: Okay, well one
thing I wanted to mention,

564
00:26:22,646 --> 00:26:23,781
I forgot to say this earlier,

565
00:26:23,781 --> 00:26:25,916
we do have two
additional folks here

566
00:26:25,916 --> 00:26:29,020
to help answer questions, and
they are from our seis team,

567
00:26:29,020 --> 00:26:31,856
the seismometer team, we
have Philippe Lognonné,

568
00:26:31,856 --> 00:26:34,225
who is the Seismometer
Principal Investigator

569
00:26:34,225 --> 00:26:36,260
from IPGP in Paris.

570
00:26:36,260 --> 00:26:38,029
And we also have Philippe Lodé,

571
00:26:38,029 --> 00:26:40,398
the Seis Project
Manager from KNEF,

572
00:26:40,398 --> 00:26:42,433
the French space agency.

573
00:26:42,433 --> 00:26:44,135
So if you guys have
questions about seis,

574
00:26:44,135 --> 00:26:46,237
we have the people
here to answer them.

575
00:26:46,237 --> 00:26:48,573
I think Philippe wanted
to add something.

576
00:26:48,573 --> 00:26:50,274
Sorry, Philippe Lognonné,

577
00:26:50,274 --> 00:26:51,509
since we've got two Philippes.

578
00:26:51,509 --> 00:26:52,243
>> Philippe: So
Philippe Lognonné.

579
00:26:53,410 --> 00:26:56,247
And we all learned a
lot from transmission,

580
00:26:56,247 --> 00:26:59,517
so we learned a lot from Viking.

581
00:27:00,985 --> 00:27:05,256
Because Viking formed,
the fact that the lander

582
00:27:05,256 --> 00:27:07,158
was shaking a lot
during the daytime.

583
00:27:07,158 --> 00:27:09,827
And this is why we
developed this strategy

584
00:27:09,827 --> 00:27:12,797
to deploy the
seismometer far away.

585
00:27:12,797 --> 00:27:15,132
So now we have much
better seismometer,

586
00:27:15,132 --> 00:27:16,868
we have a strategy to deploy.

587
00:27:18,168 --> 00:27:21,473
And we are very confident
that we will get

588
00:27:22,306 --> 00:27:23,842
low noise, and we will,

589
00:27:25,276 --> 00:27:26,544
the contactor of the two,

590
00:27:27,544 --> 00:27:30,648
the rattle noise will disappear

591
00:27:30,648 --> 00:27:33,384
when we will be on the ground.

592
00:27:33,384 --> 00:27:34,585
>> Jia-Rui: Great.

593
00:27:34,585 --> 00:27:36,053
Okay we're gonna take
another question,

594
00:27:36,053 --> 00:27:37,254
from the phone lines.

595
00:27:37,254 --> 00:27:39,190
Ken Chang, from
the New York Times.

596
00:27:39,190 --> 00:27:40,425
Go ahead.

597
00:27:40,425 --> 00:27:42,427
>> Ken: Hi, can you
hear me this time?

598
00:27:42,427 --> 00:27:44,495
>> Jia-Rui: Yes. [laughs]

599
00:27:44,495 --> 00:27:46,297
>> Ken: I was just asking
about the Viking seismometers,

600
00:27:46,297 --> 00:27:48,967
and I thought they had picked
up wind sounds as well.

601
00:27:51,202 --> 00:27:54,071
>> Bruce: The Viking
seismometers did pick up

602
00:27:54,071 --> 00:27:57,041
the shaking of the Viking
landers from winds,

603
00:27:57,041 --> 00:28:00,511
but they were measuring it
at much lower sampling rates

604
00:28:00,511 --> 00:28:04,015
and didn't really,
weren't able to sample

605
00:28:04,015 --> 00:28:06,984
at frequencies that
would be audible.

606
00:28:06,984 --> 00:28:09,453
The first clip that we play here

607
00:28:09,453 --> 00:28:11,989
is the pure unadulterated data,

608
00:28:11,989 --> 00:28:14,558
it's not sped up, it's not
increased in frequency.

609
00:28:14,558 --> 00:28:16,193
So, it's actually at frequencies

610
00:28:16,193 --> 00:28:19,164
that the human ear can hear.

611
00:28:19,164 --> 00:28:22,166
We can hear down to
frequencies of about 20 Hz,

612
00:28:22,166 --> 00:28:25,803
and we're measuring all the
way up almost to 50 Hz, and so

613
00:28:25,803 --> 00:28:29,407
even the Viking seismometer
picked up what I would call

614
00:28:29,407 --> 00:28:32,610
motions of the spacecraft,

615
00:28:32,610 --> 00:28:36,480
I think it would be a
stretch to call those sounds.

616
00:28:36,480 --> 00:28:38,516
>> Yeah, and if I could add

617
00:28:38,516 --> 00:28:41,152
that we are hoping, in
the next week or two,

618
00:28:42,553 --> 00:28:45,189
to be able to increase the
frequencies that we can detect

619
00:28:45,189 --> 00:28:48,293
from the short
period seismometers.

620
00:28:48,293 --> 00:28:51,962
So we've got an observation
lined up to do that,

621
00:28:51,962 --> 00:28:55,099
and we should be able to
get the sounds up to 90 Hz.

622
00:28:55,099 --> 00:28:57,635
So we don't know quite
what we're going to hear

623
00:28:57,635 --> 00:29:00,638
above the frequencies that
we've heard at this point,

624
00:29:00,638 --> 00:29:03,541
but this is the first
time, and as I said,

625
00:29:03,541 --> 00:29:05,276
this is the very
first 15 minutes,

626
00:29:05,276 --> 00:29:09,113
we've got more data
coming down later today.

627
00:29:09,113 --> 00:29:12,216
And we've got more
opportunities to listen

628
00:29:12,216 --> 00:29:14,886
through the next few weeks

629
00:29:14,886 --> 00:29:17,321
before we get down
onto the ground.

630
00:29:17,321 --> 00:29:19,423
So we may get more
information about how,

631
00:29:19,423 --> 00:29:21,325
we certainly hope to
get more information

632
00:29:21,325 --> 00:29:23,762
about how this sound varies.

633
00:29:25,163 --> 00:29:27,798
But this is the first time
on the surface of Mars

634
00:29:27,798 --> 00:29:29,734
that we've had instruments
that can detect

635
00:29:29,734 --> 00:29:32,103
up to the frequencies
that we can hear.

636
00:29:32,103 --> 00:29:33,171
That humans can hear.

637
00:29:34,572 --> 00:29:37,408
>> Philippe: Viking was
detecting only below 10 Hz.

638
00:29:37,408 --> 00:29:38,243
>> Bruce: Yeah.

639
00:29:39,410 --> 00:29:40,845
>> Ken: If I could
ask a follow up,

640
00:29:40,845 --> 00:29:42,080
are the frequencies so low

641
00:29:42,080 --> 00:29:43,782
because the density
of air is so thin?

642
00:29:44,915 --> 00:29:46,651
>> Tom: No, the
frequencies are low

643
00:29:48,119 --> 00:29:52,490
because we are concentrating
on detecting seismic waves.

644
00:29:52,490 --> 00:29:55,927
And the most energy
of the seismic waves

645
00:29:55,927 --> 00:29:58,062
is at the most, a few Hz.

646
00:29:58,062 --> 00:30:02,599
So actually below the
threshold of human hearing.

647
00:30:02,599 --> 00:30:05,336
We have the short period
seismometers on board

648
00:30:06,704 --> 00:30:10,508
to extend that frequency
range from the very broadband

649
00:30:10,508 --> 00:30:11,442
French monitors.

650
00:30:13,010 --> 00:30:15,880
Partly because nearby...

651
00:30:18,816 --> 00:30:19,651
High frequency...

652
00:30:58,323 --> 00:30:59,590
>> Woman: Um, nope.

653
00:30:59,590 --> 00:31:00,858
>> Jia-Rui: One moment
please, please stand by.

654
00:31:00,858 --> 00:31:02,460
>> Woman: So what
I'm gonna do...

655
00:31:16,507 --> 00:31:17,608
>> Jia-Rui: Please stand by,

656
00:31:17,608 --> 00:31:18,876
we have a few
technical difficulties.

657
00:31:18,876 --> 00:31:20,645
Please stand by for
the call to resume.

658
00:31:56,680 --> 00:31:57,515
We're back?

659
00:31:58,382 --> 00:31:59,851
Okay, we're back.

660
00:31:59,851 --> 00:32:02,352
I'm sorry about that, somehow
our phone just went out.

661
00:32:02,352 --> 00:32:06,423
So anyways, Tom, you
were, who was talking?

662
00:32:06,423 --> 00:32:07,959
[laughs]

663
00:32:07,959 --> 00:32:09,627
Alright, okay.

664
00:32:09,627 --> 00:32:11,729
>> Don: I actually have
something to answer.

665
00:32:11,729 --> 00:32:12,897
>> Jia-Rui: Don, okay.

666
00:32:12,897 --> 00:32:14,732
>> Don: So Tom was
talking about the noise

667
00:32:14,732 --> 00:32:17,735
that's coming through the
short period seismometer.

668
00:32:17,735 --> 00:32:20,271
And that's fundamentally a
function of the lander itself,

669
00:32:20,271 --> 00:32:24,943
but the noise that you hear
with your ear is related to

670
00:32:26,444 --> 00:32:28,612
the eddies, the little
turbulent eddies

671
00:32:28,612 --> 00:32:30,748
that you get from wind
flowing over something.

672
00:32:30,748 --> 00:32:34,018
And those do have a different
spectrum of size on Mars,

673
00:32:34,018 --> 00:32:35,820
than they would on Earth.

674
00:32:35,820 --> 00:32:38,055
On Mars, they're
generally bigger.

675
00:32:38,055 --> 00:32:40,525
They don't get
very small on Mars.

676
00:32:40,525 --> 00:32:42,927
And that means that their
frequencies are lower.

677
00:32:44,095 --> 00:32:47,765
And because of that,
the sound you hear

678
00:32:47,765 --> 00:32:50,201
is a lower frequency if
you were sitting on Mars.

679
00:32:51,335 --> 00:32:53,904
The thing that causes
that difference,

680
00:32:53,904 --> 00:32:55,506
is in fact the air density.

681
00:32:55,506 --> 00:32:56,774
So the question was correct.

682
00:32:56,774 --> 00:32:59,377
The air density
being low on Mars,

683
00:32:59,377 --> 00:33:02,814
lowers the turbulent wind buffet
noise that you would hear.

684
00:33:03,948 --> 00:33:05,649
>> Tom: I mean one
other important factor

685
00:33:05,649 --> 00:33:07,651
for the InSight
mission as a whole,

686
00:33:07,651 --> 00:33:11,255
is that we're going
to be listening 24/7.

687
00:33:11,255 --> 00:33:12,857
Actually, 365.

688
00:33:14,559 --> 00:33:16,327
736 days a year.

689
00:33:16,327 --> 00:33:19,530
Don't quote me on that exact
number, of the Mars year.

690
00:33:19,530 --> 00:33:21,699
And it's actually 24
and a half, seven.

691
00:33:21,699 --> 00:33:23,166
I don't think there
is a Mars week

692
00:33:23,166 --> 00:33:24,868
that we can really put in there.

693
00:33:24,868 --> 00:33:27,104
But we're going to be
listening continuously.

694
00:33:27,104 --> 00:33:30,040
If we were to fill that data up

695
00:33:30,040 --> 00:33:32,676
to a high sounding frequency,

696
00:33:32,676 --> 00:33:35,746
we would not be able to
get it all back to Earth.

697
00:33:35,746 --> 00:33:39,283
So we're concentrating, and
the electronics concentrate

698
00:33:39,283 --> 00:33:41,652
on the lower frequencies,
where we expect

699
00:33:41,652 --> 00:33:45,623
most of the seismic
energy to be placed.

700
00:33:46,824 --> 00:33:48,992
And in fact, we go to
even lower frequencies

701
00:33:48,992 --> 00:33:50,728
and send back the
data continuously,

702
00:33:50,728 --> 00:33:52,697
and then pick up the
higher frequencies

703
00:33:54,031 --> 00:33:56,467
when we see something
interesting happening on Mars.

704
00:33:56,467 --> 00:33:58,536
So we're really data limited

705
00:33:59,937 --> 00:34:02,973
because we're on
continuously through,

706
00:34:02,973 --> 00:34:04,908
once we're deployed,
we're on continuously

707
00:34:04,908 --> 00:34:06,310
for the rest of the mission.

708
00:34:07,311 --> 00:34:08,646
>> Jia-Rui: Alright.

709
00:34:08,646 --> 00:34:09,780
As a reminder to reporters,

710
00:34:09,780 --> 00:34:12,783
if you have a question,
press star one.

711
00:34:12,783 --> 00:34:14,752
We do have some questions
on social media,

712
00:34:14,752 --> 00:34:15,953
so I'm gonna read them out.

713
00:34:15,953 --> 00:34:18,422
So Nove on Twitter asks,

714
00:34:18,422 --> 00:34:21,025
how can wind gusts go on Mars?

715
00:34:23,160 --> 00:34:24,595
>> Don: That's a good question.

716
00:34:24,595 --> 00:34:27,698
I think we've seen
winds up to, like,

717
00:34:27,698 --> 00:34:32,003
in the range of 30 meters
per second, but it's,

718
00:34:32,003 --> 00:34:34,404
there's no obvious
reason that it couldn't

719
00:34:34,404 --> 00:34:35,840
be somewhat higher than that.

720
00:34:37,608 --> 00:34:39,377
We'll see what we
see with InSight.

721
00:34:41,678 --> 00:34:43,580
Yeah, I think the
theoretical limit

722
00:34:43,580 --> 00:34:45,916
that you'd expect in dust devils

723
00:34:45,916 --> 00:34:47,484
is something higher than that,

724
00:34:47,484 --> 00:34:49,287
something like 80
meters per second.

725
00:34:50,154 --> 00:34:52,323
>> Bruce: 100 miles an hour.

726
00:34:52,323 --> 00:34:55,225
>> Don: Yeah, so the winds
can be pretty high on Mars.

727
00:34:55,225 --> 00:34:57,562
We haven't observed
terribly strong winds yet.

728
00:34:58,729 --> 00:35:00,731
Not like hurricane
strength winds.

729
00:35:00,731 --> 00:35:04,001
We have observed pretty
strong winds though, almost,

730
00:35:04,001 --> 00:35:05,635
what was it you said?

731
00:35:05,635 --> 00:35:06,937
Almost 70 mile an hour winds?

732
00:35:06,937 --> 00:35:08,172
So that's pretty strong.

733
00:35:10,574 --> 00:35:11,776
>> Jia-Rui: Great.

734
00:35:11,776 --> 00:35:13,877
Another social
media question is,

735
00:35:13,877 --> 00:35:17,381
when can we buy our Martian
wind sound white noise track?

736
00:35:17,381 --> 00:35:19,750
[laughter]

737
00:35:19,750 --> 00:35:21,185
So one answer is,

738
00:35:21,185 --> 00:35:22,052
>> Bruce: It's free!

739
00:35:22,052 --> 00:35:22,887
[laughter]

740
00:35:22,887 --> 00:35:24,355
>> Jia-Rui: Exactly.

741
00:35:24,355 --> 00:35:27,591
Yes it is for free, so if you
guys go to nasa.gov/sound,

742
00:35:27,591 --> 00:35:30,728
you can actually
download these things,

743
00:35:30,728 --> 00:35:32,229
but that might be
another question for,

744
00:35:32,229 --> 00:35:33,731
what are you guys gonna
do with these sounds now,

745
00:35:33,731 --> 00:35:36,134
besides use them to help
you go to sleep at night?

746
00:35:37,534 --> 00:35:39,870
>> Bruce: Well one thing
we're gonna do is basically,

747
00:35:39,870 --> 00:35:42,773
we're trying to design
a noise cancellation

748
00:35:42,773 --> 00:35:44,908
headphone system
for our seismometer.

749
00:35:44,908 --> 00:35:48,045
So, we're using these
sounds to understand

750
00:35:48,045 --> 00:35:51,615
what the environmental
activity is,

751
00:35:51,615 --> 00:35:55,018
and helping us to
fine tune the software

752
00:35:55,018 --> 00:35:57,188
that we're gonna use to
try to eliminate that

753
00:35:57,188 --> 00:36:02,059
from our seismic signal, when
we're looking specifically at

754
00:36:02,059 --> 00:36:04,995
Marsquakes, impact, and
those sorts of things.

755
00:36:04,995 --> 00:36:07,632
On the other hand,
it's also allowing us

756
00:36:08,999 --> 00:36:13,370
to fine tune our data
analysis techniques

757
00:36:13,370 --> 00:36:15,606
for the people who are
actually using the seismometers

758
00:36:15,606 --> 00:36:18,475
to look at atmospheric
phenomena on Mars.

759
00:36:18,475 --> 00:36:20,945
And so the pressure
sensor and the seismometer

760
00:36:20,945 --> 00:36:23,181
actually are gonna
be working together.

761
00:36:24,648 --> 00:36:27,217
We're gonna combine those
data to better understand,

762
00:36:27,217 --> 00:36:29,186
better characterize things like

763
00:36:29,186 --> 00:36:31,989
the turbulent
activity of the wind

764
00:36:31,989 --> 00:36:33,524
near the surface of Mars.

765
00:36:33,524 --> 00:36:36,994
The passage of dust
devils or vortexes

766
00:36:36,994 --> 00:36:41,165
that we know occur on Mars,
and some things like that.

767
00:36:41,165 --> 00:36:44,168
And so, as we characterize
these environmental signals,

768
00:36:44,168 --> 00:36:47,137
they're helping us to
fine tune our analysis

769
00:36:47,137 --> 00:36:48,705
that later on, will
allow us to make

770
00:36:48,705 --> 00:36:51,541
some very, very precise
measurements on Mars.

771
00:36:51,541 --> 00:36:54,445
>> Tom: In fact, the
variety of instruments

772
00:36:54,445 --> 00:36:56,881
that we're bringing to
bear onto the problem

773
00:36:56,881 --> 00:37:00,284
go beyond just the
InSight instruments.

774
00:37:00,284 --> 00:37:05,223
Because the dust tracks
that we imaged from orbit,

775
00:37:06,423 --> 00:37:07,592
they come from the
high rise cameras.

776
00:37:08,725 --> 00:37:11,162
And that imaging over
40, 50 kilometers,

777
00:37:11,162 --> 00:37:15,699
in fact they've built a mosaic
of the entire landing ellipse

778
00:37:15,699 --> 00:37:18,001
where InSight landed.

779
00:37:18,001 --> 00:37:20,838
And so we've got at
one level, we've got

780
00:37:20,838 --> 00:37:24,408
imaging over tens
of kilometers scale.

781
00:37:24,408 --> 00:37:26,911
The vibrations that
we're picking up

782
00:37:26,911 --> 00:37:31,882
are less than a millionth
of a meter of displacement.

783
00:37:31,882 --> 00:37:34,418
These are very very
small vibrations.

784
00:37:35,719 --> 00:37:38,456
So we're covering an
enormous scale of measurement

785
00:37:38,456 --> 00:37:42,026
and able to tease out what
is precisely happening

786
00:37:42,026 --> 00:37:45,028
at where we're putting
down our seismometers.

787
00:37:45,028 --> 00:37:47,598
I think this is going
to end up, Bruce,

788
00:37:47,598 --> 00:37:50,934
as being the most
studied point on Mars.

789
00:37:50,934 --> 00:37:54,238
Every dimension, and we're
just kind of building up

790
00:37:54,238 --> 00:37:57,942
these hyperdimensions of
information over these weeks.

791
00:37:59,543 --> 00:38:00,744
>> Don: This is Don.

792
00:38:00,744 --> 00:38:02,345
For the pressure sensors down,

793
00:38:02,345 --> 00:38:04,681
mostly what you're hearing today

794
00:38:04,681 --> 00:38:07,184
is close to white noise.

795
00:38:07,184 --> 00:38:08,953
Hopefully in the
future, we'll have

796
00:38:10,153 --> 00:38:11,655
sources of environmental noise

797
00:38:11,655 --> 00:38:14,525
that should be more like
pure tones or chirps,

798
00:38:14,525 --> 00:38:16,960
depending upon what
causes the noise.

799
00:38:16,960 --> 00:38:19,296
So we're gonna be
looking very carefully

800
00:38:19,296 --> 00:38:22,366
of two years of data to see
if we can find any of these

801
00:38:22,366 --> 00:38:26,771
more interesting signatures
of environmental phenomena.

802
00:38:28,705 --> 00:38:30,607
>> Bruce: Whale chirps.

803
00:38:30,607 --> 00:38:32,009
>> Don: Something like that.

804
00:38:34,911 --> 00:38:36,246
>> Jia-Rui: Okay.

805
00:38:36,246 --> 00:38:38,549
Okay, so, sorry,
thank you for that.

806
00:38:38,549 --> 00:38:40,784
Another question
on social media,

807
00:38:40,784 --> 00:38:42,552
Don started alluding to this,

808
00:38:42,552 --> 00:38:44,588
but we can maybe get
into it a little more.

809
00:38:44,588 --> 00:38:45,790
Julius on Twitter asks,

810
00:38:46,991 --> 00:38:48,592
since wind is a flow of
gases on a large scale,

811
00:38:48,592 --> 00:38:50,860
what kind of gases are
we talking about here,

812
00:38:50,860 --> 00:38:52,496
and how fast are they moving?

813
00:38:53,864 --> 00:38:55,499
>> Don: So Mars atmosphere
is dominated by CO2.

814
00:38:55,499 --> 00:38:58,803
But it also has nitrogen
and oxygen in it.

815
00:39:00,171 --> 00:39:04,675
So it's somewhat different
makeup than Earth's atmosphere.

816
00:39:04,675 --> 00:39:07,511
The other big difference is
that the density of the air

817
00:39:07,511 --> 00:39:09,380
is down by about
a factor of 100.

818
00:39:10,414 --> 00:39:11,482
What was the end
of the question?

819
00:39:11,482 --> 00:39:12,416
Something about,

820
00:39:12,416 --> 00:39:13,917
>> Bruce: How fast is it?

821
00:39:13,917 --> 00:39:15,285
>> Don: So the typical winds
that we think we're gonna see

822
00:39:15,285 --> 00:39:18,289
at InSight's landing
site are on the order

823
00:39:18,289 --> 00:39:20,190
of about seven
meters per second.

824
00:39:20,190 --> 00:39:22,826
So about 15 miles an hour.

825
00:39:22,826 --> 00:39:24,094
As the seasons evolve,

826
00:39:24,094 --> 00:39:25,563
we're gonna be there
a full Mars year,

827
00:39:25,563 --> 00:39:27,965
so we're gonna see
the seasons change.

828
00:39:29,400 --> 00:39:31,302
And that'll probably slow
down later in the year.

829
00:39:31,302 --> 00:39:33,503
And then as we come back
around to near this time year,

830
00:39:33,503 --> 00:39:35,873
it's should pick back up again.

831
00:39:35,873 --> 00:39:38,509
We don't have perfect
predictions for the weather,

832
00:39:38,509 --> 00:39:39,743
and the wind on Mars

833
00:39:39,743 --> 00:39:42,246
because we don't have
very many observations.

834
00:39:42,246 --> 00:39:47,251
But there are computer
models that have been tuned,

835
00:39:48,685 --> 00:39:50,987
over the years, for the
other data that we've got.

836
00:39:50,987 --> 00:39:52,189
And it turns out that
they're pretty accurate.

837
00:39:52,189 --> 00:39:54,691
The first inkling
we've got of the wind

838
00:39:54,691 --> 00:39:57,094
at the InSight landing
site matches pretty well

839
00:39:58,194 --> 00:39:59,730
with the model predictions, so.

840
00:40:01,265 --> 00:40:02,466
>> Jia-Rui: Great, okay.

841
00:40:02,466 --> 00:40:03,901
We have a question
from Emily Lakdawalla

842
00:40:05,035 --> 00:40:07,304
of the Planetary
Society via Twitter.

843
00:40:07,304 --> 00:40:08,672
So, she wants to ask
about figure six,

844
00:40:08,672 --> 00:40:10,741
so this is the one
where you have MRO

845
00:40:10,741 --> 00:40:12,742
and the dust devil tracks.

846
00:40:12,742 --> 00:40:15,346
Does figure six show a
localized landing site,

847
00:40:15,346 --> 00:40:16,780
or is it just a comparison

848
00:40:16,780 --> 00:40:19,150
to regional dust
devil track features?

849
00:40:20,417 --> 00:40:23,720
>> Tom: So I think that
is our best estimate,

850
00:40:23,720 --> 00:40:27,057
at this point, Bruce,
of where we have landed.

851
00:40:28,492 --> 00:40:31,395
And so, it's certainly,

852
00:40:31,395 --> 00:40:33,330
we know that we
are in that area.

853
00:40:34,498 --> 00:40:36,466
And so given that
the dust devils

854
00:40:36,466 --> 00:40:39,403
are seen over this entire image,

855
00:40:39,403 --> 00:40:42,740
the wind direction
is persistent,

856
00:40:42,740 --> 00:40:47,344
and so it's kind of
a nice validation

857
00:40:47,344 --> 00:40:52,316
that the spacecraft is being
affected in the same direction.

858
00:40:53,717 --> 00:40:56,553
We'll be looking for
more data as time goes on

859
00:40:56,553 --> 00:40:59,089
to see how that might
shift over time.

860
00:40:59,089 --> 00:41:01,658
But the dust devil
tracks clearly show

861
00:41:01,658 --> 00:41:04,060
that this is an
area where the wind,

862
00:41:04,060 --> 00:41:07,064
the prevailing wind is a
very well defined direction.

863
00:41:07,064 --> 00:41:09,633
At least the strongest winds
with the dust devils in it.

864
00:41:09,633 --> 00:41:13,037
>> Bruce: Yeah, we know that
InSight has landed somewhere

865
00:41:13,037 --> 00:41:17,408
very close to that, those
words, InSight landing site.

866
00:41:19,442 --> 00:41:23,814
This of course, is high rise
image from several years ago,

867
00:41:23,814 --> 00:41:26,016
of that area, so InSight's
not in this image.

868
00:41:26,016 --> 00:41:28,952
But if we take a
picture of it today,

869
00:41:28,952 --> 00:41:33,958
and the high rise camera on
MRO has been imaging this area,

870
00:41:35,091 --> 00:41:37,194
we will see the
InSight lander here.

871
00:41:37,194 --> 00:41:41,131
So this is the actual place
where InSight has landed.

872
00:41:41,131 --> 00:41:44,835
We don't have an
exact dot on the map,

873
00:41:44,835 --> 00:41:47,705
but it's very close to the
center of this image somewhere.

874
00:41:48,872 --> 00:41:50,407
>> Jia-Rui: Great.

875
00:41:50,407 --> 00:41:52,208
Okay, we have a question
from Bob on Twitter who says,

876
00:41:52,208 --> 00:41:54,311
I love that the sound
of the Martian wind

877
00:41:54,311 --> 00:41:57,348
had to be sped up for 100
times for us to listen to it.

878
00:41:57,348 --> 00:41:59,049
Will the first
astronauts on mars

879
00:41:59,049 --> 00:42:00,417
be able to hear it at all?

880
00:42:03,320 --> 00:42:04,821
>> Don: Probably not,

881
00:42:04,821 --> 00:42:06,323
because they're gonna
have space suits on,

882
00:42:06,323 --> 00:42:09,226
so it seems unlikely.

883
00:42:09,226 --> 00:42:11,895
I guess they could
have microphones

884
00:42:11,895 --> 00:42:13,864
on the outside of their
spacesuit and listen.

885
00:42:15,298 --> 00:42:17,868
Yeah, I'm not sure that
you'd do that, though,

886
00:42:17,868 --> 00:42:20,738
because it's probably
not worth the effort.

887
00:42:21,905 --> 00:42:23,908
>> [Philippe Lognonné]
But maybe they will hear

888
00:42:25,309 --> 00:42:26,143
inside their armor,

889
00:42:27,343 --> 00:42:31,148
the vibration of the culture,

890
00:42:31,148 --> 00:42:32,416
through the air.

891
00:42:32,416 --> 00:42:33,950
>> Bruce: Yes.

892
00:42:33,950 --> 00:42:34,818
The habitat.

893
00:42:34,818 --> 00:42:35,685
>> Don: Yes.

894
00:42:35,685 --> 00:42:37,187
>> Jia-Rui: Right.

895
00:42:37,187 --> 00:42:39,156
Yeah, you probably don't wanna
die on Mars just to hear it.

896
00:42:39,156 --> 00:42:40,757
[laughs]

897
00:42:40,757 --> 00:42:42,259
>> Don: Not worth
that one second.

898
00:42:42,259 --> 00:42:45,162
>> Jia-Rui: Alright, well we're
gonna wrap up our telecon,

899
00:42:46,296 --> 00:42:47,697
and just for the
folks on the phone,

900
00:42:47,697 --> 00:42:49,433
the telecon will be archived.

901
00:42:50,634 --> 00:42:52,503
You can go to
youtube.com/nasajpl,

902
00:42:55,906 --> 00:43:00,010
and also ustream.tv/nasajpl.

903
00:43:00,010 --> 00:43:03,179
So, thank you for
everyone who called in,

904
00:43:03,179 --> 00:43:05,081
for listening to our telecon.

905
00:43:05,081 --> 00:43:07,584
Might wanna go off
after the telecon,

906
00:43:07,584 --> 00:43:10,153
put your headphones
on and just kind of

907
00:43:10,153 --> 00:43:11,855
feel the vibrations of Mars.

908
00:43:11,855 --> 00:43:13,390
So thank you very much.

909
00:43:13,390 --> 00:43:14,224
Okay.

910
00:43:15,592 --> 00:43:17,527
Thank you, this concludes
today's conference,